![]() ![]() Humans typically have about 90–160 eyelashes on the upper lids, spread across five to six rows, and 75–80 eyelashes on the lower lids, dispersed between three to four rows. Eyelashes are rooted approximately 2 mm deep into the dermis and lack the arrector pili muscles associated with most other hair follicles. Compared to scalp skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin of eyelids contains a thinner epidermis and no hypodermis. The eyelashes consist of curved sensory hairs originating from the eyelid margins. The eyebrows and nearby glabellar region contain numerous sebaceous glands. Although the number of eyebrow hairs varies widely amongst the population, the density of eyebrows typically remains stable over time. The shape and orientation of eyebrows allows the eyebrows to protect our eyes from light, sweat, and dust. The medial eyebrow hairs are nearly vertically oriented and become progressively more horizontal laterally along the brow. Human eyebrows are composed of short, obliquely set hairs arranged in arches supra-orbitally. In this review, we provide a summary of the function, anatomy, and life cycle of eyebrows and eyelashes, in order to comprehensively review the causes, clinical features, and approach to madarosis. Unfortunately, few standardized diagnostic pathways and treatment regimens exist in the management of eyebrow and eyelash alopecia, further underscoring the importance of early recognition and treatment. Given the extensive breadth of etiology, prompt and accurate diagnosis is the first step in clinical management. Madarosis can be classified as scarring or non-scarring, depending on the cause. Etiologies of madarosis are varied, and include autoimmune, endocrinologic, infectious, genetic, neoplastic, nutritional, and traumatic conditions. Due to the many functional and cosmetic roles of eyebrows and eyelashes, madarosis can cause significant distress to patients, necessitating recognition of potential associated underlying diseases and treatments. Madarosis often refers to the loss of eyebrow or eyelashes, whereas milphosis specifically refers to loss of eyelashes. © 2019 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.Complete or partial eyebrow and eyelash loss can present as an isolated finding or as the presenting manifestation of an underlying systemic pathology. Response to treatment is often unpredictable, and physicians should be aware of the prognosis and its effects in order to properly counsel patients. ![]() The poor long-term outcomes of AT and AU may cause patients to lose hope with treatment. A larger proportion of patients will obtain at least transient recovery periods of partial or total hair regrowth. According to these studies 8.5% (32/375) of AT and AU patients achieved complete recovery. Six of the nine studies identified complete recovery as a potential end point in a total of 375 (39 = AT, 75 = AU, 261 = not specified) patients. The articles described 689 (162 = AT, 245 = AU, 282 = not specified) total patients. A total of nine articles discussing long-term recovery rates of AT and AU were identified. The PubMed database was queried to identify all articles discussing the long-term prognosis of AT and AU. The goal of this review is to identify all studies with long-term prognostic data on patients with AT and AU and provide a long-term outcome estimate. Alopecia totalis (AT) and universalis (AU) represent the most severe subtypes of alopecia areata with more dramatic features and worse prognosis.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |